Monroe Doctrine - Definition and Background

The Monroe Doctrine was the declaration by President James Monroe, in December 1823, that the United States would not tolerate a European nation colonizing an independent nation in North or South America. The United States warned it would consider any such intervention in the Western Hemisphere to be a hostile act. Monroe’s statement, which was expressed in his annual address to Congress (the 19th century equivalent of the State of the Union Address) was prompted by a fear that Spain would try to take over its former colonies in South America, which had declared their independence. While the Monroe Doctrine was directed toward a specific and timely problem, its sweeping nature ensured it would have enduring consequences. Indeed, over the course of decades, it went from being a relatively obscure statement to becoming a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Though the statement would carry President Monroe’s name, the author of the Monroe Doctrine was actually John Quincy Adams, a future president who was serving as Monroe’s secretary of state. And it was Adams who forcefully pushed for the doctrine to be openly declared. The Reason For the Monroe Doctrine During the War of 1812, the United States had reaffirmed its independence. And at the war’s end, in 1815, there were only two independent nations in the Western Hemisphere, the United States, and Haiti, a former French colony. That situation had changed dramatically by the early 1820s. The Spanish colonies in Latin America began fighting for their independence, and Spain’s American empire essentially collapsed. Political leaders in the United States generally welcomed the independence of new nations in South America. But there was considerable skepticism that the new nations would remain independent and become democracies like the United States. John Quincy Adams, an experienced diplomat and the son of the second president, John Adams, was serving as President Monroe’s secretary of state. And Adams did not want to become too involved with the newly independent nations while he was negotiating the Adams-Onis Treaty to obtain Florida from Spain. A crisis developed in 1823 when France invaded Spain to prop up King Ferdinand VII, who had been forced to accept a liberal constitution. It was widely believed that France was also intending to assist Spain in retaking its colonies in South America. The British government was alarmed at the idea of France and Spain joining forces. And the British foreign office asked the American ambassador what his government intended to do to block any American overtures by France and Spain. John Quincy Adams and the Doctrine The American ambassador in London sent dispatches proposing that the United States government cooperate with Britain in issuing a statement declaring disapproval of Spain returning to Latin America. President Monroe, unsure of how to proceed, asked for the advice of two former presidents, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, who were living in retirement on their Virginia estates. Both former presidents advised that forming an alliance with Britain on the issue would be a good idea. Secretary of State Adams disagreed. At a cabinet meeting on November 7, 1823, he argued that the United States government should issue a unilateral statement. Adams reportedly said, â€Å"It would be more candid, as well as more dignified, to avow our principles explicitly to Great Britain and France, than to come in as a cockboat in the wake of the British man-of-war.† Adams, who had spent years in Europe serving as a diplomat, was thinking in broader terms. He was not just concerned with Latin America but was also looking in the other direction, to the west coast of North America. The Russian government was claiming territory in the Pacific Northwest extending as far south as present-day Oregon. And by sending a forceful statement, Adams hoped to warn all nations that the United States would not stand for colonial powers encroaching on any part of North America. Reaction to Monroe's Message to Congress The Monroe Doctrine was expressed in several paragraphs deep within the message President Monroe delivered to Congress on December 2, 1823. And though buried within a long document heavy with details such as financial reports on various government departments, the statement on foreign policy was noticed. In December 1823, newspapers in America published the text of the entire message as well as articles focusing on the forceful statement about foreign affairs. The kernel of the doctrine — †we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.† — was discussed in the press. An article published on December 9, 1823, in a Massachusetts newspaper, the Salem Gazette, mocked Monroe’s statement as putting â€Å"the peace and prosperity of the nation at hazard.† Other newspapers, however, applauded the apparent sophistication of the foreign policy statement. Another Massachusetts newspaper, the Haverhill Gazette, published a lengthy article on December 27, 1823, which analyzed the president’s message, praised it and brushed aside criticisms. The Legacy of the Monroe Doctrine After the initial reaction to Monroe’s message to Congress, the Monroe Doctrine was essentially forgotten for a number of years. No intervention in South America by Europeans powers ever happened. And, in reality, the threat of Britain’s Royal Navy probably did more to ensure that than Monroe’s foreign policy statement. However, decades later, in December 1845, President James K. Polk affirmed the Monroe Doctrine in his annual message to Congress. Polk evoked the doctrine as a component of Manifest Destiny and the desire of the United States to extend from coast to coast. In the latter half of the 19th century, and well into the 20th century, the Monroe Doctrine was also cited by American political leaders as an expression of American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. The strategy of John Quincy Adams of crafting a statement that would send a message to the entire world proved to be effective for many decades.

Women And The Criminal Justice System - 976 Words

Women and Men in the Criminal Justice System Throughout history, the criminal justice system has mainly focused on men entering the criminal justice system rather than women. This is not portrayed largely by the media and society because it is not truly considered a highlight topic. Men and women face incarceration on a daily basis, causing them both to have different experiences based on their gender. The crimes and punishment faced by each gender is different and can affect the way society views the person as an individual and/or as a group. The nature and role in society can be a factor of the incarceration and the experience they may face while in the criminal justice system. Although the depiction of men entering the criminal justice system is portrayed regularly, the rate of women entering the criminal justice system has faced a higher increase than men entering the system. Types of Crimes Committed: Men vs. Women Men who enter the criminal justice system are depicted by society as violent individuals rather than women who are often depicted as accomplices who are often times unaware of things happening around them. In a study conducted, it was found that â€Å"almost 13 percent of men were jailed on murder charges and 13 percent for rape or sexual assault, while 11 percent of female inmates were there on murder charges and 2 percent for rape or sexual assault.† This in many cases is tested to be true since men are more violent than men in nature and due to the fact thatShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The Criminal Justice System1364 Words   |  6 Pagescreated to work with women in each stage of the criminal justice process. 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The handling of women within the criminal justice system has been closely tied to their social characteristics, and to what might be described as their ‘social construction’. On the other hand, women who compromise more than half of the world’s population, account for only 15% of criminal activity and as a consequence, relatively little attentionRead MoreWomen And Girls : The Criminal Justice System : Final Exam1366 Words   |  6 PagesCRJA 4125: Women and Girls in the Criminal Justice System: Final Exam Name: ________________________________________________ This exam is to be taken individually, and not shared with others. There are three sections of the exam: Part A is multiple-choice, T/F, fill-in; Part B is a short essay; and Part C is a longer essay that gives you a chance to synthesize concepts and ideas you learned in the course. (The exam is worth a total of 38 points.) (Note: Grading criteria for Part B and C: YouRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women During The Criminal Justice System1555 Words   |  7 Pagesn environment constructed to diminish the idea of self-worth and freedom, women attempt to recreate a better version of themselves while confronting the disparities between men and women in the criminal justice system. Unless sentenced for life, inmates will eventually be released from the place holding them in captivity for their crimes. Prison, however, should not just be a place that contains convicts, but it should be a place that teaches the rules of a civilized person and it should do soRead MoreThe Barriers Of Indigenous Australian Women Face Within The Criminal Justice System970 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience inequality through the education and criminal justice system, specifically Indigenous women. This is highlighted throughout the report through various statistical data including tables and graphs. Furth er discussion on the link between these statistics to current unit concepts will be addressed in this report to expose the barriers that Indigenous Australian women face within the criminal justice system. The statistical overview on the education system will focus on the Indigenous populationRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Locking Our Young Men And Young Women Under Juveniles1885 Words   |  8 Pages The criminal justice system is locking our young men and young women under the age of sixteen in prison for the rest of their lives. These are children who are just becoming teenagers and still have the possibility of living production lives. These are children who make the wrong decision because of impulse or persuasion. Have we lost hope in our youth of tomorrow.? Do we just give up on our kids because they make a mistake? Does placing a child in an adult prison decrease crime among juvenilesRead MoreGender Differences and the Criminal Justice System683 Words   |  3 PagesGender and the Criminal Justice System It would be foolish to assert that gender plays no role in the criminal justice system, just as it would be equally foolish to say that race plays no role in this system either. Covington and Bloom cite the work of Kivel (1992) in reminding all that Where sexism is prevalent, one of the gender dynamics frequently found is that something declared genderless or gender neutral is, in fact, male oriented. The same phenomenon occurs in terms of race in a racistRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation1581 Words   |  7 PagesWEEK 1 Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation John Doe CJA 394 October 01, 2001 Jane Doedy Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The criminal justice system is forever adjusting to protect and serve a changing society. 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Essay Strategic Human Resource Management

Question: Write an argumentative/academic essay on strategic human resource management in Harvard referencing style. Answer: Introduction: Strategic human resource management defines the intension and plans to achieve the business goals. It is based based on three aspects such as human capital, people who implement the strategic plan and the systematic approach. It has been observed that the human resource management has addressed the issues developed from the change in structure and culture. Moreover they have also increased the organizational effectiveness and performance. As stated by Sirgy and Wu (2013), the human resource management has developed distinctive capabilities, knowledge management and management of change. The Probuild Construction was established in 1987 (bldr.com 2016). The organization has built different projects such as New Grandstand, Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre and Corporate Headquarters of Toyota (Ammons 2013). As argued by Sirgy and Wu (2013), employees have faced greater workplace issues due the huge work pressure. Therefore, the human resource management has implemented the Work-Family b alance strategy and offered multiple options for the employees. Therefore, the employees have maintained flexibility in their working structure and better work-life balance (Moen et al. 2013). Discussion Value opportunities for Workplace flexibility: It has been observed that Probuild construction was established in 1987 and it successfully completed major projects such as new Grandstand at Flemington Racecourse, Victoria garden Shopping centre and head quarters of Toyota corporate. As stated by Mauno and Rantanen (2013), the organization has successfully applied Victoria Governments new strategy as Better work and Family Balance. After applying the new strategy, the organization has planned to investigate about the work-family balance at Probuild. The human resource management has implemented the survey to gather information about the impact of pressure of work, family and life on the employees (Karatepe 2013). The human resource management has tried to observe whether the initiatives have been placed to assist the staffs to manage the pressure. Finally the human resource management has planned to implement new initiates for satisfying the staffs. The human resource management has provided value to the partners or families of the staffs. The human resource management has prepared a separate survey for the partners or family members of the staffs (Butts et al. 2013). From the employee survey result, the human resource management has observed that the employees were happy with the work structure of Probuild. As argued by Sirgy and Wu (2013), the employees are of the opinion that the constantly increasing pressures at the workplace have resulted in tougher challenges in managing the work and family responsibilities. Some employees also feel that the stretched working schedule and the working Saturdays have affected their personal relationships (Allen and Kiburz 2012). As argued by Sirgy and Wu (2013), partners and family members of the employees feel that long working hours and work load has affected day-to-day household management and family care of employees. Therefore the human resource management has implemented the workfamily balance strategy for the employees. According to Kim (2012), the employees have to be more flexible in managing their work pressure and responsibilities towards their family. The human resource management has implemented two different pay roles for the employees such as fixed salary and hourly based salary. As argued by Wang and Verma (2012), the employees can choose any one which is flexible in order to maintain the work pressure and family responsibility. The human resource management has reassured the employees that their decision regarding work-family balance option would not affect any ones employment in the organization. On the other hand, the working Saturday strategy would be optional for the employees. Efficiency of the work-family strategy: The human resource management has observed that the initiatives would be mutually beneficial for both the employees and the company. The human resource management has planned to implement the team building strategy to increase the work efficiency of the employees. As stated by Kossek and Lautsch (2012), teamwork helps in achieving better work efficiency and life balance rather than individual effort. The human resource management has planned to implement the solutions for the employees requirements. As argued by Eddleston and Powell (2012), employees should be more flexible to manage the stretched working hours. The human resource management has observed that good communication is the key to success. It has been found that the work-life balance strategy has improved the performance of the employees. As a result the organization has won the National Work-Life Balance Award in 2009-10 (Darcy et al. 2012). The innovative work-life balance structure has increased the performance of the o rganization as well as employee satisfaction. Flexibility and work-family balance: It has been observed that Probuild has involved in different high value projects. Therefore, the employees have faced huge work pressure. Keeping such trend in mind, the human resource management has planned to investigate about the work-family balance of the employees (Sirgy and Wu 2013). The survey data has presented the picture about the impact of working at Probuilt on the employees family. After acquiring the feedback from the employees and their partners or families, the human resource management has implemented the Work-Family balance strategy (Ammons 2013). Flexible work arrangement theory: The human resource management has implemented five guiding principles for the employees. The initiatives must provide mutual benefits to both the employees and company. The flexible work arrangement strategy would achieve better work and life balance for the team or individual and the managers (Moen et al. 2013). As argued by Wang and Verma (2012), the requirements of the employees have been supported by the Work-family balanced strategy. The employees can work in the organization along with greater flexibility. The human resource management has implemented different working structures for the employees such as fixed salary and hourly based salary. Therefore, the human resource management has implemented the information pack outline regarding the development of better work and family culture (Mauno and Rantanen 2013). The human resource management has provided practical information for staffs and their partners. Therefore, the staffs and managers can setup their goals to bring about better work-life balance. Thus, the specific action plan has been developed by the employees to address the key issues. Business competitiveness theory: According to the Porters Competitive strategy, Probuild has maintained the natural resources, climate, location and demographics. The human resource management has implemented the communication infrastructure, skilled labor and work-life strategy for improving the work efficiency of the employees. The employees have been supported by the basic factors and the employees have provided the best effort to maintain the success (Karatepe 2013). It has been observed that Probuild has faced competition in the market by other construction companies. The human resource management has implemented the communication strategy to understand the aims and objectives. It has been observed that the human resource management has implemented the intensive training, development and coaching program to improve the performance of the employees (Butts et al. 2013). The development of the employment skills helped the organization in getting the competitive advantage. Other flexibility and work-life balance strategy: The human resource management has to implement some other work-life balance strategies for the employees. The strategy has solved the issues of the employees but the new strategy would be better than the work-life balance strategy. The human resource management needs to be more concern about the employees. The human resource management needs to critically observe whether the employees can manage their families or personal responsibilities. the human resource management has to implement flexible shift timing and optional week off so that the employees would maintain flexibility in their workplace. As stated by Allen and Kiburz (2012), staffs have tried to balance the working hours and family responsibilities at the same time. However, the new work-life balance strategy would provide different option to the staffs. Therefore, the employees will be able to maintain flexibility in balancing their work and social lives as well as keep their required hours of work intact (Kim 2012). Productivity outcomes and benefits: It has been observed that the human resource management of Probuild has implemented the work-life balance strategy for improving the productivity of the organization. Moreover, this work life balance strategy was the also the national Work-Life Balance Award Winner of 2009-2010 (Wang and Verma 2012). However, the work-life balance strategy has not been able to fulfill the employees satisfaction. Therefore, a new work-life balance strategy has been developed for Probuild. As argued by Sirgy and Wu (2013), the work-life balance strategy, the human resource management has to implement flexible shift timing and optional week off for the employees. Therefore, the employees can choose suitable shift times so that they can spend valuable time with their families. Additionally, the employees can exchange their Saturday off with their week off. As argued by Kossek and Lautsch (2012), the human resource management would require considering the implementation of the job restructuring process so that the employees can manage their jobs. The new Work-Life planning would maintain the employee satisfaction and retain the employees as well. Conclusion: The human resource management has implemented the new Work-Life Balance Strategy to improve the performance of the employees. They have been able to inculcate this within their organization on the basis of a survey that was conducted on the employees and their families. The Human resource management has observed that the employees have not maintained proper family responsibilities due to long hours duty schedule and Sunday duty hours. Therefore the human resource management has implemented the Work-Life Balance strategy and implemented two different solutions such as fixed salary and hourly based salary. However, the issues of the employees have not been resolved after implementing the strategy. Therefore, a new Work-Family Balance strategy has been implemented to resolve the work load and family relayed issues of the employees. The human resource management has to implement two new options for the employees such as flexible shift timing and optional week off. They would also need to implement the job restructuring process for the employees. The new strategy would help the employees to maintain better Work-Family Balance, increase their performance and satisfaction and also build their loyalty towards the organization. Reference list: Allen, T.D. and Kiburz, K.M., 2012. Trait mindfulness and workfamily balance among working parents: The mediating effects of vitality and sleep quality.Journal of Vocational Behavior,80(2), pp.372-379. Ammons, S.K., 2013. Work-family boundary strategies: Stability and alignment between preferred and enacted boundaries.Journal of vocational behavior,82(1), pp.49-58. bldr.com, (2016).ProBuild | Builders FirstSource. [online] Bldr.com. Available at: https://www.bldr.com/probuild.htm [Accessed 21 May 2016]. Butts, M.M., Casper, W.J. and Yang, T.S., 2013. How important are workfamily support policies? A meta-analytic investigation of their effects on employee outcomes.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(1), p.1. Darcy, C., McCarthy, A., Hill, J. and Grady, G., 2012. Worklife balance: One size fits all? An exploratory analysis of the differential effects of career stage.European Management Journal,30(2), pp.111-120. Eddleston, K.A. and Powell, G.N., 2012. Nurturing entrepreneurs' workfamily balance: A gendered perspective.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,36(3), pp.513-541. Karatepe, O.M., 2013. The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance: the mediation of emotional exhaustion.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(4), pp.614-634. Kim, S., 2012. The impact of human resource management on state government IT employee turnover intentions.Public Personnel Management,41(2), pp.257-279. Kossek, E.E. and Lautsch, B.A., 2012. Workfamily boundary management styles in organizations A cross-level model.Organizational Psychology Review,2(2), pp.152-171. Mauno, S. and Rantanen, M., 2013. Contextual and dispositional coping resources as predictors of workfamily conflict and enrichment: which of these resources or their combinations are the most beneficial?.Journal of Family and Economic Issues,34(1), pp.87-104. Moen, P., Lam, J., Ammons, S. and Kelly, E.L., 2013. Time work by overworked professionals strategies in response to the stress of higher status.Work and occupations,40(2), pp.79-114. Sirgy, M.J. and Wu, J., 2013. The pleasant life, the engaged life, and the meaningful life: What about the balanced life?. InThe exploration of happiness(pp. 175-191). Springer Netherlands. Wang, J. and Verma, A., 2012. Explaining organizational responsiveness to workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ life balance issues: The role of business strategy and highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ performance work systems.Human Resource Management,51(3), pp.407-432.

The political decision-making process free essay sample

The political decision-making process BY Mrcheeks707 The political decision-making process is so irrational that a completely rational approach to health policy-making can hardly be achieved. Support, debunk or provide alternative paradigms or approaches to this statement, focusing on the development of a particular policy area you are familiar with, and using analytic tools and frameworks in health policy analysis. This paper will begin by briefly examining the role of the state in health and how the state or political system is structured to meet this obligation. It will then describe the types of policy, the stages of policy aking, and the uniqueness of health policy making. Having provided a solid foundation for understanding the political and policy making system, in the context of the Trinidad and Tobago scenario, it will delve into analyzing the policy making process, and directly answer the central question of the rationality of policy making in an irrational framework of government structure. We will write a custom essay sample on The political decision-making process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Weather policy is taught of as an intent, strategy, hypothesis, objective, goal, principle, or a learning process, it should include what governments say they will do, what they actually do and what they ecide not to do (Walt, 1994). Buse, Mays Walt, (2005 cited in Gilson L, ed. 2012, p. 28) went on to say that health policy also includes decisions made by the private sector and other actions taken outside of the health system, which can have influence on diverse aspects of citizens health. Lipksy (1980 cited in Gilson L, ed. 2012, p. 8) also argue that Health public policy, the term used to differentiate from the broader public policy, is essentially the routinely daily practices of policy actors and their decisions that have been translated from the formal documents, which may ometimes be far removed from the original intent. Regardless of whether the broader objectives focused on in macro/systemic polices of high politics or the finer special interests objectives being met in mic ro- sectoral polices of low politics, there is a general public policy process that should be followed (Evans and Newnham, 1992). To fully appreciate the impetus for health policy making in the public sector, one must understand the role of the state in formulating polices. As most develop and developing countries had been steered to accept the Keynsian philosophy, that f assuming the dominant responsibility in the provision of health services to the public amongst other social services (Walt, 1994), by the 1980s most states were beginning to relinquish its role in the direct provision of services. Despite governments continued attempts to divest the provision of health services to the private sector, urged in part by the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the diminishing resources of individual states, the critical health concerns of a nation will always mandate that some aspects of health care are treated at a central level. The complexities of health professionals training, controlling the spread of HIV and AIDS, and immunization of children, are too critical for a state to leave totally in the hands of private interest. So who or what is this state that has been entrusted with this responsibility of developing public policy, which ultimately impinges on every facet of citizens lives. This state, a subset of the wider political system, is composed of all the authoritative decision-making bodies of the society that maintains law and order while extracting and utilizing revenue, to provide services ncluding health ). Thus, based on the scarcity ot state resources, governments have no choice but to ration goods and services, even values, to varying and competing interest groups. This however, highlights the major flaw of the system model, in that it adopts the position that the state is impartial, and will distribute resources according to need rather than to the clout of interest groups. For one to fully understand the processes of policy making, one must examine it through the lens of policy theories. As macro theories place heavy emphasis on power in political ystems, which its effects are more systemic in nature than micro theories. While the more obvious internal political structure of a nation can facilitate or hinder participation in the policy making process, exogenous factors are a major yet less discernible factor. Therefore, it is dependent on the particular aspect of control that policy health actors are faced with, will direct the type of policy development processes undertaken. If the policy is within the control of Health, involves input to cross portfolio policy development, or involves input to intergovernmental policy evelopment. Amongst the many structures used to describe the policy processes Walt (1994) describes the most commonly used framework as a four step continuous cycle that moves through (1) problem identification and issue recognition/definition, (2) Policy formulation with clarification of policy issues and preferred options, (3) policy implementation (4) policy evaluation and review. Consultation occurs throughout this cycle. This was expanded upon in the NSW Health Department State Health Publication (1998) to include; a release of formal discussion paper and the evelopment of final policy paper, as two separate activities coming after policy formation. These two additional steps have become necessary, as the intended policy must be available to the general public and special interest groups, to illicit their views before it is adopted and sent before cabinet for approval. NSW Health Department State Health Publication (1998) provided twelve guidelines that will further assist in the rational process of a sound policy development process and promote the production of effective and high quality policy documents. These ecommendations places emphasis on the need to have prompt Justification about the reason for the policy, unambiguity as to who holds power over the final document to initiate the policy development process, and selecting appropriate person(s) and resources to undertake the process effectively within the required timeframe. There must also be consistency between micro and macro policies of the Government. NSW Health Department State Health Publication (1998) also urges that not only there should be timely participation of affected government stakeholders, there should be he lively discussion with Health Services and other key external stakeholders. Another area where Trinidad and Tobago can benefit greatly from is the recommendation that adequate testing be given for relevant options before implementation. Head (2008) would argue that for a truly rational approach to health policy making to occur, it must be centered on Evidence-based policy (EBP) making. This concept of EBP sits squarely in the Rational or Synoptic model, and reflects more of an aspiration that a state should acquire, rather than an accomplished outcome hat could be examined. The only way decision makers can realistically and comfortably make sensible selections would be through adopting EBP as a measure to guarantee dependability ot intormation regarding the efficiency and ettectiveness of adopting a particular course of action over other possible alternatives. It was under Prime Minister Blair, the then British Government saw the need for a more rational approach to policy making. They encouraged employing EBP as key trait in the new strategy to develop a logical method to policy development that will bring ncreased policy capability (UK Cabinet Office, 1999a cited in Head, 2008 p. 15). In Australia, Prime Minister Rudd (2008 cited in Head, 2008 p. 15-16) understood for there to be successful governance, decisions must hinge on ESP. In his 2008 address to the Heads of Agencies and Members of Senior Executive Service, he stated The Government will not adopt overseas models uncritically. Were interested in facts, not fads. Australian policy development should be informed by the best of overseas experience and analysis. Other measures include identification and resolution of inancial and staffing implications of policy. Consideration and response to consultation, communication, industrial and implementation issues. Provide for effective implementation and evaluation with performance targets, planning requirements and accountability arrangements identified. Effective use of Cabinet, Budgetary and Legislative processes of Government where required. Having reviewed these many components, hindrances, and best practices of rational policy making, tackling the fundamental question of the reality for there to be a rational approach to health policy-making? And is evident in Trinidad and Tobago, the answer will have to be no. This has become clear as in many instances the required processes that need to be undertaken are not always available to the policy makers. Issues with fully adopting a rational approach begin to surface almost immediately. From simply identifying what exactly the health system is faced with, to defining goals to address those problems, a plethora of impediments already exists to derail the intended logical policy process. Making rational decisions are also constrained by the decisions made by past administrations. This can be seen with the previous administration in Trinidad and Tobago, with the introduction of the CDAP. With such a program providing free prescription drugs for chronic diseases, often benefiting lower income groups, it would have been almost impossible for the new administration to reverse it, even after making negative statements towards such a program while in opposition.

Battle of Saratoga in the American Revolution

Battle of Saratoga in the American Revolution The Battle of Saratoga was fought September 19 and October 7, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In the spring of 1777, Major General John Burgoyne proposed a plan for defeating the Americans. Believing that New England was the seat of the rebellion, he proposed cutting the region off from the other colonies by moving down the Hudson River corridor while a second force, led by Colonel Barry St. Leger, advanced east from Lake Ontario. Meeting at Albany, they would press down the Hudson, while General William Howes army advanced north from New York. British Plans An attempt to capture Albany from the north had been attempted the previous year, but the British commander, Sir Guy Carleton, had elected to withdraw after the Battle of Valcour Island (October 11) citing the lateness of the season. On February 28, 1777, Burgoyne presented his plan to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord George Germain. Reviewing the documents, he granted Burgoyne permission to move forward and appointed him to lead the army that would invade from Canada. Germain did so having already approved a plan from Howe that called for the British army in New York City to advance against the American capital at Philadelphia. Â   It is unclear whether Burgoyne was aware of Howes intentions to attack Philadelphia before he left Britain. Though Howe was later informed that he should support Burgoynes advance, he was not specifically told what this should entail. Additionally, Howes seniority precluded Burgoyne from issuing him orders. Writing in May, Germain told Howe that he expected the Philadelphia campaign to be concluded in time to assist Burgoyne, but his letter contained no specific orders. Burgoyne Advances Moving forward that summer, Burgoynes advance initially met with success as Fort Ticonderoga was captured and Major General Arthur St. Clairs command forced to retreat. Pursuing the Americans, his men won a victory at the Battle of Hubbardton on July 7. Pressing down from Lake Champlain, the British advance was slow as the Americans diligently worked to block the roads south. The British plan began to unravel in quick succession as Burgoyne became plagued by supply issues. To help remedy this issue, he dispatched a column led by Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Baum to raid Vermont for supplies. This force encountered American forces led by Brigadier General John Stark on August 16. In the resulting Battle of Bennington, Baum was killed and his predominantly Hessian command suffered over fifty percent casualties. The loss resulted in the desertion of many of Burgoynes Native American allies. Burgoynes situation was further worsened by news that St. Leger had turned back and that Howe had left New York to begin a campaign against Philadelphia. Alone and with his supply situation worsening, he elected to move south in an effort to take Albany before winter. Opposing his advance was an American army under the command of Major General Horatio Gates. Appointed to the position on August 19, Gates inherited an army that was rapidly growing due to the success at Bennington, outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea by Burgoynes Native Americans, and the arrival of militia units. Gates army also benefited from General George Washingtons earlier decision to send north his best field commander, Major General Benedict Arnold, and Colonel Daniel Morgans rifle corps. Armies Commanders Americans Major General Horatio GatesMajor General Benedict ArnoldColonel Daniel Morgan9,000 growing to 15,000 men British Major General John Burgoyne7,200 declining to 6,600 men Battle of Freemans Farm On September 7, Gates moved north from Stillwater and occupied a strong position atop Bemis Heights, approximately ten miles south of Saratoga. Along the heights, elaborate fortifications were constructed under the eye of engineer Thaddeus Kosciusko which commanded the river and the road to Albany. In the American camp, tensions festered as the relationship between Gates and Arnold soured. Despite this, Arnold was given command of the left wing of the army and the responsibility for preventing the capture of heights to the west which dominated the Bemis position. Crossing the Hudson north of Saratoga between September 13-15, Burgoyne advanced on the Americans. Hampered by American efforts to block the road, heavy woods, and broken terrain, Burgoyne was not in position to attack until September 19. Seeking to take the heights to the west, he devised a three-prong attack. While Baron Riedesel advanced with a mixed British-Hessian force along the river, Burgoyne and Brigadier General James Hamilton would move inland before turning south to attack Bemis Heights. The third column under Brigadier General Simon Fraser would move further inland and work to turn the American left. Arnold and Morgan Attack Aware of British intentions, Arnold lobbied Gates to attack while the British were marching through the woods. Though preferring to sit and wait, Gates finally relented and permitted Arnold to advance Morgans riflemen along with some light infantry. He also stated that if the situation required, Arnold could involve more of his command. Moving forward to an open field on the farm of Loyalist John Freeman, Morgans men soon sighted the lead elements of Hamiltons column. Opening fire, they targeted the British officers before advancing. Driving back the lead company, Morgan was forced to retreat into the woods when Frasers men appeared on his left. With Morgan under pressure, Arnold funneled additional forces into the fight. Through the afternoon intense fighting raged around the farm with Morgans riflemen decimating the British artillery. Sensing an opportunity to crush Burgoyne, Arnold requested additional troops from Gates but was refused and issued orders to fall back. Ignoring these, he continued the fight. Hearing the battle along the river, Riedesel turned inland with most of his command. Appearing on the American right, Riedesels men rescued the situation and opened a heavy fire. Under pressure and with the sun setting, the Americans withdrew back to Bemis Heights. Though a tactical victory, Burgoyne suffered over 600 casualties as opposed to around 300 for the Americans. Consolidating his position, Burgoyne put off further attacks in the hope that Major General Sir Henry Clinton could provide assistance from New York City. While Clinton did raid up the Hudson in early October, he was not able to provide aid. In the American camp, the situation between the commanders reached a crisis when Gates did not mention Arnold in his report to Congress regarding the Freemans Farm battle. Devolving into a shouting match, Gates relieved Arnold and gave his command to Major General Benjamin Lincoln. Though granted a transfer back to Washingtons army, Arnold remained as more and more men arrived in camp. Battle of Bemis Heights Concluding the Clinton was not coming and with his supply situation critical Burgoyne called a council of war. Though Fraser and Riedesel advocated retreat, Burgoyne refused and they agreed instead upon a reconnaissance in force against the American left on October 7. Led by Fraser, this force numbered around 1,500 men and advanced from Freeman Farm to the Barber Wheatfield. Here it encountered Morgan as well as the brigades of Brigadier Generals Enoch Poor and Ebenezer Learned. While Morgan attacked the light infantry on Frasers right, Poor shattered the grenadiers on the left. Hearing the fighting, Arnold dashed from his tent and took de facto command. With his line collapsing, Fraser tried to rally his men but was shot and killed. Beaten, the British fell back to the Balcarres Redoubt at Freemans Farm and Breymanns Redoubt slightly to the northwest. Attacking Balcarres, Arnold was initially repulsed, but worked men around the flank and took it from behind. Organizing an attack on Breymanns, Arnold was shot in the leg. The redoubt subsequently fell to American assaults. In the fighting, Burgoyne lost another 600 men, while American losses were only around 150. Gates remained in camp for the duration of the battle. Aftermath The next evening, Burgoyne began withdrawing north. Halting at Saratoga and with his supplies exhausted, he called a council of war. While his officers favored fighting their way north, Burgoyne ultimately decided to open surrender negotiations with Gates. Though he initially demanded an unconditional surrender, Gates agreed to a treaty of convention whereby Burgoynes men would be taken to Boston as prisoners and permitted to return to England on the condition that they not fight in North America again. On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his remaining 5,791 men. The turning point of the war, the victory at Saratoga proved key in securing a treaty of alliance with France.

Marketing Metrics for UK-based SME Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Metrics for UK-based SME - Essay Example As the essay declares The metric can evaluate marketing effectiveness at a strategic level. It involves assessment on the key strategies that a company has adopted and measuring individual performances in achieving marketing objectives. An example is whether the company has adopted effective price strategy and effective distribution channels. This paper declares that the metric measurement assesses and evaluates the levels of customer’s perceptions on the goods and products of the company. This is determined by the quality of the service that a company offers to its clients and customers. Brand awareness will indicate how effective the marketing program in reaching out the larger mass audience in the long run. This metric provides the dominance and the market share that a company holds. This measure is vital in achieving the marketing objective goals therefore its assessment will enable the company to know if the applied approach can deliver the objective. Evoked set of model comprises of a pool of alternatives that consumer has when making decisions also known as consideration set. With the knowledge of available large number of products and brands consumers considers only a few to acquire at any given time. It is important for any marketing communication campaign to target determine the products and brands within evoked set before it is carried out. Consumers include brands in an evoked model through recognition in the marketing environment thus marketing communications can determine the evoked sets through brand awareness campaigns. Secondly is recalling of a product which is memory based which depend on consumer’s ability to recall brands marketing communication messages. The two can be summarized as stimulus-based attributed by brand recognition familiarity and in memory-based which is attributed by brand recall, all leading into inclusion in an evoked set model of a consumer where all are key important aspects in advertising and communication campaigns Brand familiarity and recognition Marketing communication campaigns mainly involves brand awareness and recognition to influence and induce consumers to purchase the brand. This implies that marketing communication campaign may influence a consumer in considering a brand in the evoked set. This depends on the marketing communicatio n encoded information thus resulting into a consumer discriminating on brand over the other. Brand recall This is important in considering a product in an evoked model where a marketing communication campaign conveys a promotional message which encodes in consumers mind. This is recalled during the consideration of brands to include in an evoked model.

Persuasion and Public Opinion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Persuasion and Public Opinion - Assignment Example However, this time the basic argument revolved around the Obama Care. In order to further understand the real reasons for the shutdown it is important to first analyze the Care Act of President Obama which is primarily responsible to ensure affordable healthcare throughout the nation. As the name indicates the Obama Care is solely based upon providing accessible health opportunities to the American people. It was initiated in 2010 whereas people are required to get their registrations until 2014 (Repeal ObamaCare or Defund ObamaCare?, 2013). Thereafter they would be able to gain extra health benefits including all the preventive services. Additionally it will give the health insurance by simply regulating the existing laws and increasing the rights of the insurers. Obama Care became the main cause of shutdown in October 2013 because the Republicans were aiming to defund it. In fact they insist that the new budget must disrupt the funding for the affordable care act of Obama while in contrast to this the Democrats persist over their position and refuse to accept the bill (Cowan, 2013). Reaction of Republicans and Democrats Although the healthcare law isn’t directly associated with the budget of US government or the financial plans but it has been used as a persuasive technique by the Republicans. For instance, they argued that the President’s domestic policy is going to severely harm the country and its economic position. This was further related with the much deeper ideas of the Affordable Care Act and the Patient Protection which actually requires the American people to go for a health insurance. Consequently, the employers... This essay stresses that on October 1, 2013, America stimulated a fractional shutdown of the government. This primarily happened because the ruling political party was unable to accept the idea of reducing the federal spending. Consequently, the national government had to undergo a shutdown which affected thousands of government officials whereas most of the important government services were delayed. This discussion explores that the healthcare law isn’t directly associated with the budget of US government or the financial plans but it has been used as a persuasive technique by the Republicans. For instance, they argued that the President’s domestic policy is going to severely harm the country and its economic position. This was further related with the much deeper ideas of the Affordable Care Act and the Patient Protection which actually requires the American people to go for a health insurance. Consequently, the employers would be affected and the finances would go beyond the limits of federal government. In addition to this, the Republicans also tried to gain the weightage of public opinion by stating that the burden on employers in form of medical taxes would eventually increase the chances of oversea jobs. Republicans basically tried to persuade the employers so as to gain their consent and support in the entire case. They did so because the medical taxes and i nsurances are largely supposed to increase the expenses of employers.

Analytical Support for Decision Making Self Reflection Essay Example for Free

Analytical Support for Decision Making Self Reflection Essay The analytical support for decision making course is really indeed touching every aspect from my daily job as a lead optimization engineer dealing with a huge drilling real time streaming data. In the past I have worked to prepare quarter review annual report for our center. Honestly, it was consuming a lot of time to construct a valuable presentation that will impress the upper management. As of time being ASDM is a strong aid to be creative in utilizing, analyzing, projecting illustrating for our daily data. Here I will highlight major subjects that I got so many benefits from: Data Gathering ASDM is a real guide to perform data analysis. It learns the first steps in how to gather data how to deal with it. The good part in the assignment is the data was real and taken from World Bank website and the challenge is to identify the best data find out ways to get the missing data by quantitative approaches. The lesson learned here is any data has to go through cleansing process to be worth for analysis to reach trustful results. Surveys As we are seeing many surveys floating around in every single website or newspapers in the media, the real question is how trustful the results are. Now with ASDM approaches, it is easier to now that, to dig deep in the survey process. How the survey was done, whom were the sample, location and the time it was conducted. In addition to the right guide in how to do different types surveys analyze the results for best decisions. Regression As regression deals with trends to find out the relationship level criteria help a lot in projection. In my daily work I’m dealing with many drilling trends, like the drilling rig hook load (HKL), surface torque while performing the drilling operation. My job is to identify the strong relationship between many drilling parameters do a projection. Like for HKL torque utilizing regression to find out the regression model in a specific formation will help us in identifying the normal / upnoraml trends prior drilling operation for better optimization savings. In addition the regression will help a lot in the projection ahead to the final drilling target depth. MCDA Multi criteria decision analysis is the decision maker best tool to identify take in consideration all the factors with relative to their weights influence in the subject matter. Real life is chain of continuous MCDA has to be taken but differs in size complication. Although, VISA software is a simple light, it is superior software to include every single step illustrate it with a nice simple way. Personally we are running many projects that take in consideration several factors MCDA is the best guide came at the right time.

With it’s tight structure, poetry can accommodate great passion. Do :: English Literature

With it’s tight structure, poetry can accommodate great passion. Do you agree with this statement? You should base your answer on a close examination of two or three poems covering at least two groups. ‘With it’s tight structure, poetry can accommodate great passion’. Do you agree with this statement? You should base your answer on a close examination of two or three poems covering at least two groups. Although it could be argued that poetry can accommodate great passion I disagree with this statement. The two poems I have chosen to examine, ‘Marged’ by Gillian Clarke and ‘Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night’ by Dylan Thomas, show different emotions that I believe disprove the statement. The first, ‘Marged’, is lacking in emotion and the second, ‘Do Not Go Gentle’, does more than accommodate the passion, it emphasises and releases the feelings felt by the poet. ‘Marged’ by Gillian Clarke is a Shakespearean sonnet, with three quatrains and a couplet at the end, however the poet has altered the form to change the style of the poem. For example the lines do not have ten syllables as a normal sonnet but vary in length. Also there is only a half-rhyme scheme with words such as ‘bed’ and ‘died’ in the first quatrain on alternate lines. It could be argued that the tight structure of the sonnet restrains the passion felt because of the syllables but as Gillian Clarke has ignored this rule and has different numbers of syllables this sonnet does not constrain passion. This argument would apply more if Clarke had written a passionate poem but as it is the poem is lacking in emotion of any kind. ‘Marged’ is about Clarke thinking of the previous owner of the house she lives in. The words do not emote a sad mood; Clarke is remembering the dead old lady but is herself distanced from the death and therefore does not feel sad. The use of the preposition ‘she’ shows the reader that the feelings are distanced; use of ‘you’ would have made the poem more direct and emotional. In contrast to this, ‘Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night’ by Dylan Thomas is a very emotional poem in the traditional form of a villanelle. 'Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night' is addressed to the poets father and is plea that the man doesn’t die quietly. The use of ‘you’ makes the poem very personal and it is clear from the start of the poem that the poet feels very strongly about the issue. In the title and first line the emphasis is on the words ‘Not’ and

My Achievement Family Essay

Everybody has their own personal experience and has their own achievement throughout their lives. My achievement just happens to be when I saved my father’s life. On April 8th-13th, during Spring Break of 2008, we were living in Yorktown, Virginia and my family and I decided to take a vacation to Goldsboro, North Carolina to celebrate my 15th birthday. It is also a place to go swimming and ride ATV’s (four-wheelers), dirt-bikes, go-carts etc. This fantastic place is called â€Å"Busco Beach†. When driving, it only takes four to five hours to get there, depending on traffic. When we arrived, we unloaded the four-wheelers off the trailer, set the camper up for all of us to sleep in, and we had such a fantastic time until the third day there. That day started out terrific. We rode ATV’s all around Busco Beach, went to the concession stand where they have cheese-sticks with mozzarella sauce, hotdogs, nachos, and lots more. I always ended up getting the cheese-sticks with mozzarella sauce because they were always delicious. That day, every moment of every second was an exciting eventful day until that night. My family decided to take an all together family ride, but my mom ended up going back to the campsite early to make dinner. My mother had left, and my brother and I asked our father if we could play tag. He said yes; therefore, we ended up playing tag for a little while, and we all started to get hungry. My brother and I mentioned to our father that we were hungry, and he agreed. We stopped playing tag, and began to head back to our campsite. When my brother and I got back to the campsite, something did not feel right. I looked back behind me and noticed that my father was not around. I developed a gut wrenching feeling something was wrong, and that’s when I heard my father’s whistle. Still hearing my father whistling, and without any hesitation, I rushed to him as quickly as possible and saw him on the ground writhing. All soaked, from head to toe, he continuously patted his head and stomach to keep himself from passing out. The four-wheeler was flipped onto its side halfway in the water. I grabbed my phone and dialed 911. The ambulance came and took him away to the hospital. The doctors had informed us that my father’s bones were sticking out of his left leg and needed to go into surgery ASAP. They also said that if I would not have gone back for him, he would not have made it. We decided to go home the next day because we knew he would be in a lot of pain and that he needed his rest. The next day came, and we asked him what exactly happened. My father ended up saying he â€Å"blacked out†. A couple weeks have passed, and I have received an award from the United States Coast Guard (USCG) where my father worked. I have received this award for being a brave young lady and for being a hero. When I found my father lying on the ground, I was extremely terrified he would not have made it with all the gruesome things that have happened to him. What happened to my father was the most terrifying thing I have ever seen. Going through this experience has changed my life, and knowing that this had happened to my father, it could happen to anyone. I do not want any family going through the same experience I have gone through, and I especially do not want anybody getting hurt as my father has. I’m very grateful my father is because if I would not have heard him whistling, or felt that something was not right, he would not be here on this earth today. I have thanked God many times for not taking my father away from his family, and I hope no one has to go through what I went through.

My reasons for applying for admission to Cerritos College

My father, a CEO of a mid-sized logistics company in South Korea, has always stressed the importance of receiving a good education to me. After graduating from high school he did not to go to college because he wanted to earn by building his own small business, instead of spending money on college tuition.For the first few years, his business seemed to run satisfactorily. However, he had a difficult time in managing his business with the lack of education he received. Whenever he had to make some important decisions in operating business he realized that he was not competent enough to make smart and sound decisions.Eventually, his first small logistics business failed. This was a major turning point for my father. He immediately enrolled in college with a major in Business Administration. After graduating and armed with a degree, my father felt empowered with the education he received and set off to try his hand on fulfilling his goals in business. His present success proves that a c ollege education really makes a difference.My dream is to become a CEO of a company like my father. My father encouraged me to study in the United States, where the quality of education is high and where most of the famous and successful CEOS of big corporations have received their education.For one to dream big, one has to start with small steps. Thus, my short-term goal is to be accepted into  Cerritos College and receive both good grades and experience cultural diversity. My mid-term goal is to transfer to Stanford University after completing  an associate  degree at Cerritos College. Lastly, becoming an influential  CEO of a big company is my long-term goal.Recalling the phrase I read from economy section of the newspaper, â€Å"To become a successful CEO of  a company  the person has to be good at making  decisions, both fast and reasonable decisions†.I  already proved that I have an excellent potential  in becoming a successful CEO of a company  by m aking the right decision and that is  choosing Cerritos College, the ideal place to equip myself with  lots of knowledge and valuable experience which are core requisites for accomplishing my dream.

Jems maturity Essays

Jems maturity Essays Jems maturity Paper Jems maturity Paper Jems maturity BY ollte1999 To kill a mockingbird. in To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem has significantly grown from a childish, playful boy that he was from the beginning of the novel, to a more calm, composed and mature figure resemblance to that of his father, Atticus. Harper Lee has incorporated the theme of Maturity into the novel through the development of Jem. Jem is shown in the beginning of the novel to be a boisterous child whose concept of bravery was through the acceptance of dares. Scout earlier on in the novel states Jem never declined a dare in his life. This depicts Jems immaturity through he has to do dares to seem brave to his peers furthermore his lack of knowledge about the current standings in which America are towards racial inequality or shown here and more so throughout the novel. Jem becomes more mature as the novel progresses. This is influenced by his father, Atticus Finchs, actions in the trial of Tom Robinson. A completely unfair Jury which ecides to convict Tom of raping a white woman, changes Jems view on life and how ridiculous it was that black people were discriminated against because of the colour of their skin. Another way of showing that he has matured is his actions towards Arthur (boo) Radley. Boo Radley is man who got into some mischief when he was a teenager and his father therefore sentenced him to a lifetime of imprisonment in his own home. Many rumors are spread about Arthur because no one has seen him for years. These rumors portray an image to Jem and Scout that he is a mysterious and eccentric who will kill you if you saw him. During the summer, Jem, Scout and Dill would dare each other to go and touch the Radley house or see who could get a glimpse of Arthur. However when they finally found out that he is a kind but simple human being Jem takes and step back to think about how all these rumors about Boo are wrong and how he has been discriminated against Just like the black people were.

22 Causas de Negación de Ingreso a USA por Inadmisibilidad

22 Causas de Negacià ³n de Ingreso a USA por Inadmisibilidad Las autoridades de los Estados Unidos pueden negar a cualquier extranjero el ingreso a Estados Unidos  con una o varias  causas de inadmisibilidad. Esto aplica incluso a los residentes permanentes legales. Asimismo, puede aplicar tanto a los que estn fuera del paà ­s como los que ya se encuentran en su interior. Este es una situacià ³n grave y, por ello, este artà ­culo informa sobre cules son las causas de inadmisibilidad, cà ³mo surge el problema y dà ³nde y, finalmente, quà © se puede hacer para solucionar el problema. Antes de comenzar, seà ±alar que es muy importante distinguir las  causas de inadmisibilidad, la razà ³n que se da est seà ±alada con un nà ºmero  212(a),  de las causas de inelegibilidad  que hacen que el cà ³nsul rechace una solicitud de visa por motivo calificado en los documentos oficiales  como 214. 22 causas de inadmisiblidad que impiden el ingreso en Estados Unidos Las causas de inadmisibilidad pueden aplicar tanto a las visas no inmigrante, tipo turista, estudiante, trabajo, intercambio, etc como a las visas de inmigrante, para obtener la green card o tarjeta de residencia. Incluso pueden aplicar a personas que se encuentran legalmente en los Estados Unidos y que solicitan un cambio de estatus. Por ejemplo, una persona con visa H1B que pide la residencia permanente mediante un ajuste de estatus. Las causas de inadmisibilidad, que se conocen en inglà ©s con el nombre de grounds of inadmissibility, son: Carga pà ºblica. Sospecha de que es posible convertirse en una fuente de gasto para las arcas pà ºblicas de Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo, personas enfermas, muy mayores, etc.Sufrir una enfermedad contagiosa, como por ejemplo, tuberculosis.Sufrir una enfermedad fà ­sica o mental que convierta al enfermo en un peligro para otras personas.Consumo de drogas. La expresià ³n que utilizan las autoridades de inmigracià ³n es abusador de drogas y por eso se entiende haber consumido una sustancia ilà ­cita ms de una vez en los à ºltimos tres aà ±os.Haber cometido o haber sido condenado por un delito inmoral.Haber sido condenado por varios delitos.Haber sido condenado por delitos especà ­ficos tales como trfico de drogas.Ser familiar de un traficante de drogas si se ha beneficiado de las ganancias de esa actividad en los à ºltimos cinco aà ±os.Haber cometido espionaje o sabotaje.Haber cometido o haber sido condenado por un delito agravado.Haber sido miembro de un partido polà ­tico t otalitario, como por ejemplo, un partido comunista, o de un partido nazi. Haber participado en un genocidio.Haber asegurado falsamente que se es ciudadano americano.Haber violado una ley de inmigracià ³n. Hay muchos ejemplos de esta circunstancia, por ejemplo, trabajar en Estados Unidos con una visa que no lo autoriza (turista, etc.)Haber cometido fraude migratorio. Bajo esta categorà ­a caben acciones muy distintas. Presentar documentos falsos ante un oficial migratorio o un consulado es una de ellas. Las mentiras en este contexto pueden resultar muy caras.Estar ilegalmente en Estados Unidos o haber estado si todavà ­a no se cumplià ³ el plazo de la penalidad.Haber sido deportado o expulsado.Haber ingresado a los Estados Unidos sin tener la documentacià ³n necesaria.Estar casado con ms de una persona al mismo tiempo. Estos son los casos de bigamia y poligamia.Haber realizado un secuestro internacional de nià ±os. Esto ocurre con frecuencia en el caso de paps y mams que no se ponen de acuerdo dà ³nde deben vivir los nià ±os. El problema es que sin darse cuenta se puede estar cometiendo ese delito, que es muy grave. Si se ha tenido una visa de intercambio J-1  y se est sujeto a la obligacià ³n de residir fuera de Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os.Ser un peligro para la seguridad nacional de los Estados Unidos. Esto incluye pertenencia a pandillas  (gangas). Quà © puede suceder en estos casos de inadmisibilidad Puede pasar tres cosas: Primero: la visa es denegada por un oficial consular. Tener en cuenta que la visa puede ser rechazada, adems, por otras causas, cuando se cree que no se cumplen los requisitos para obtenerlos. Segundo: el oficial de Inmigracià ³n de la CBP (Policà ­a Fronteriza) en un puerto de entrada (aeropuerto, puerto o frontera terrestre) prohà ­be el ingreso tras consultar su completà ­sima base de datos. En estos casos pueden darse dos situaciones: Si se llega al puerto de entrada con una visa o una green card  vlida, en algunas circunstancias es posible solicitar presentarse ante un juez de inmigracià ³n y, en su caso, apelar su decisià ³n ante la Corte de Apelaciones Migratorias.. Pero no siempre es posible. Por ejemplo, en casos de fraude o de haber asegurado falsamente ser ciudadano americano la decisià ³n del oficial de Inmigracià ³n es final. Pero tambià ©n puede suceder que se proceda a regresar a la persona inmediatamente a su lugar de procedencia. Las razones pueden ser varias, como en el ejemplo anterior. Pero tambià ©n sucede en caso como en los que no se tiene visa porque se es de un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados la decisià ³n del oficial de la CBP es tambià ©n final y no se podr solicitar comparecer ante un juez. Y tercera posibilidad: si ya se est dentro de Estados Unidos, las autoridades migratorias pueden proceder a la remocià ³n de la persona en esa situacià ³n. Quà © se puede hacer en los casos de inadmisibilidad Para algunos de estos supuestos es posible pedir un perdà ³n migratorio, tambià ©n conocido como waiver.  Por ejemplo, en casos de prostitucià ³n, enfermedades contagiosas, riesgo de ser una carga pà ºblica, condenas por delitos inmorales o, incluso, mà ºltiples condenas por delitos. Pero es muy importante entender que las reglas son distintas segà ºn los casos, que no es lo mismo pedir una visa no inmigrante que una inmigrante y que los perdones son medidas excepcionales.  Y tambià ©n hay que tener presente que el poder solicitar un perdà ³n no quiere decir que se vaya a obtener su aprobacià ³n. En estos casos es muy importante contar con la asesorà ­a de un abogado competente y con un buen rà ©cord, que no prometa cosas que, sencillamente, no pueden ser porque la ley no lo permite. Adems, tener en cuenta que hay causas de inadmisibilidad para los que no es posible jams pedir un perdà ³n. Por ejemplo, trfico de drogas, terrorismo o espionaje. Finalmente, es realmente aconsejable conocer cà ³mo aplica el castigo de inadmisibilidad de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os por presencia ilegal en los Estados Unidos y el castigo de la prohibicià ³n permanente. Este à ºltimo es frecuentemente ignorado pero afecta a muchas personas y las consecuencias son muy graves. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The changing market environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The changing market environment - Essay Example The markets have transformed to international from local. With the increase in the exposure to masses and increased geographical market coverage, the need of quick and up to date information has also increased. With the changing business environment the buyers are also changing. With the increasing incomes the buyers have become more selective. For a company to launch its product in a new market it has become important to have the information from the buyer needs to buyer wants. On the other hand it is also important to have the knowledge of how to present the product in effective manner in order to reach the customer in an effective manner. With the changing business needs the new marketing techniques such as product differentiation, branding and advertising are also gaining immense importance. This paper is aimed at finding out the appropriate marketing communication strategy for Jalsberg cheese which is a famous branded cheese in American Market and ready to be marketed in new Eur opean market. Norseland Inc. was founded in 1978. The purpose of the company was to market and distribute Jarlsberg and other Norwegian cheese in United States. The Company is a 100% owned subsidiary of TINE Norwegian Diaries, which has the main responsibility for the production and marketing of Jarlsberg cheese. Introduction of Product: Jalsberg cheese has some snob appeal. Customers want to show they have 'good taste'. Without complaining they accept the higher price of Jalsberg compared to other competitive products. The mild and creamy taste appeals to Americans, and many think that the taste of the traditional Swiss cheese, Emmenthaie is too sharp Present market: Jalsberg cheese has a major supply share in the US cheese market. The characteristics of typical Jalsberg buyer are: Female Earning more than US$ 80,000 per year. Over 40 years Now the company is aiming to introduce its Cheese brand Jalsberg in the newly extended European market. In order to undertake successful brand positioning Norseland has to design a marketing communication strategy, which should be crafted according to the European market conditions and consumer behaviour. The successful product positioning and promotion is only possible if all the required information in this lieu is gathered and used in the right direction. In order to fulfil modern information needs, new information technologies have also been evolved. The information regarding the buyer preferences and behaviour plays an important part in helping the management to take important decisions regarding the product such as

Why School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory Research Paper

Why School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory - Research Paper Example Arguments against and for this policy are therefore considered in the light of some recent studies of this issue. This paper proposes that school uniforms should be mandatory because they foster team spirit and self- respect in a culture which too often promotes selfish individualism and rebellion. One of the most common arguments cited against the use of mandatory school uniforms is that of the right of the individual to freedom of expression. This right is guaranteed in the First Amendment (Isaacson, 1998, p. 1) and is designed to allow equal opportunities for people who have different cultures, religions, and personal convictions to distinguish themselves. It is argued that school uniforms can impose one particular style upon students, and that this is not fair to those who come from a minority group which does not share the beliefs and taste of the dominant group. Other criticisms include the study Brunsma which reviews over 100 articles on the topic of school uniform policy and concludes that mandatory school uniforms have no clear benefit for schools or students and may in fact encourage both students and parents to feel excluded from key school policies and decisions. (Brunsma, p. 186)

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Journal entry - Essay Example The characteristics of learning materials were concurrently expounded providing discussions on language, culture and viewpoints of learners, as necessary. Various techniques were likewise presented regarding soliciting information regarding materials and getting the most from them. One would definitely benefit from the contents of the article in terms of recognizing the role that instructional materials play in learning English as a second language. In the process, the techniques that were discussed are tools that would provide direction and guidelines in determining which materials are most effective and what particular information could be used to maximize learning. If one would be required to work on a particular project within the course module, the materials would provide the theoretical framework within which various applications could be generated. Therefore, through recognizing and awareness of instructional materials’ relevance to the course, one is made more sensitive and discerning in selecting and using the most effective materials to ensure that learning objectives are appropriately met. Kitao, K., & Kitao, S. K. (1997, April). Selecting and Developing Teaching/Learning Materials. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from The Internet TESL Journal :

Function Of Network Topology Communications Essay

Function Of Network Topology Communications Essay A network topology describes the arrangement of computer network. It defines how the workstation, or nodes, within the network are arranged and connected to each other. It is the physical interconnections of the links or nodes of a computer network. It has five ordinary topologies. There will be reliable for the in-house network (LAN). There are: Bus topology Star topology Ring topology Tree topology Mesh topology There are also three main categories of topologies: physical topologies signal topologies logical topologies The signal topologies and the logical topologies are often used interchangeable. The physical topology of network is the actual geometric arrangement of workstations. It is the design of wiring, cables, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling or wiring system. Bus Topology In the bus topology, each node is connected to a central bus that runs along the whole network. Each node is directly connected to the rest of the node in the network. All information transmitted across the bus, so can be received by any nodes in the network. Star Topology In the star topology, one central node or server workstation to which each of the other nodes on a network are directly connected. All information transmitted across the central nodes. Ring Topology In the ring topology, each node is directly connected to other two nodes on a network and other pair of nodes is indirectly also connected. It can be imaged as a circular arrangement. The data are passing through one or more intermediate nodes. Tree Topology In the tree topology, one node of star topology network is directly connected to node of another network. The tree topology is also combination of the bus topology and the star topology. Unlike the star topology in the tree, some nodes may indirectly connect to the central node. Mesh Topology The mesh topology has two designs called full mesh and partial mesh. In the full mesh topology, each node directly connected to rest nodes in a network. In the partial mesh, some nodes directly connected to rest nodes in a network and some nodes directly connected to some nodes in a network. Network Media Physical network medium is the type of cabling, that is used in a network. There are many types of cables used in networks today. Copper wire, Radio transmission lines and fibre optic cable are three main mediums of computer network communication. Wireless LAN has two types of architecture; there are Ad-Hoc Network and Infra Mode Network. Ad-Hoc Network is used in network which has a few nodes and there must be closely located. It architecture require only one wireless NIC for each nodes. Infra Mode Network is also called infrastructure mode. That network architecture is used in large wireless LAN. It may include at last one wireless router and many nodes. Wireless connection has many advantages; it used a smaller amount of space, no cabling needed between nodes, easy to expend, nodes can be mobile and not fix in one location on a network, wide bandwidth and multichannel transmissions. The length of wireless connectivity area is larger than wire connection. Wireless LAN devices are expensive. And so many kind of interrupt wave may disrupt to wireless connection than other media networks when the data transmission. Its easy to accept and big weakness point is less security. But it can be backup way to connect with a few devices when fail the main connection. Fibre optic cable is popular for high speed network. It can support many channels at tremendous speed. But it is very expensive and almost never used in LAN. Copper wire involves many type of wire. But twisted pair and coaxial cable are popular. Coaxial cable, also know as coax is designed with two conductors; thick coax and thin coax. Thick coax is stiff and heavy cable that is used as a network backbone for the bus network. Thick coax is difficult to work with and it is quit expensive. Thin coax is common type of Coaxial. Thin coax is quite flexible and has low impedance. It is capable of faster transmission than twisted-pair cable. It is supporting several networks on the same cable. But it supports only a single channel. It is high attenuation rate makes it expensive when long distance. Now a day these two coax cables are not useful, because of these tow coax cables are more reliable with Bus topology. The common and standard type of network media is twisted pair cable. It consists of two insulated wires twisted around each other and may include one pair to 4200 pair in a cable. In unshielded twisted pair (UTP), each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but the pair is encased in an outer covering. Category 5 UTP cable is standard type of most Networks. Category 5 cable includes 4 pair and jack is RJ-45. Every electronic device has little or more weakness. So, twisted pair has little weakness points; exist a little crosstalk, susceptibility to interference and noise, attenuation problem is repeaters, routers needed every 2km or 3km, relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz), capable of slower transmission than coaxial, require direct peer to peer connections. (p2p connection require cross cable of UTP) But it has so many advantages. It is a thin, flexible and light weight cable that is easy to string between walls. Easy to work with and install. It does not quickly fill up wiring ducts, costs less per meter/foot than any other type of LAN cable. It is inexpensive but readily available. Maximum data rate is 1000Mbps in 1000BaseTX cable. If cable length is 100m (328 ft), we will get high transmission rate and high security in a network. Recommendation for Topology and Media The topology of highly recommend for the Townsville police department is the Star topology. The topology offers simplicity of operation. It also achieves an isolation of each device in the network. Many benefits will get using the star topology. Easy to replace, install or remove nodes or other devices. Each device needs only one link and one ports to connect it to any number of nodes; one device per connection. The star topology is no difficulty to make configurations, ease of service. It has a number of concentration points. These provide easy access for service or reconfiguration of the network. Good performance and reliable. Robust as failure of one link does not affect the whole system. The remaining of system will be active. It has simple access protocols. Any given connection in a star network involves only the central node. Thus in a star network, access protocols are very simple. Recommend for network media is Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable. Because of it is common standard of computer networking and reliable to install. It is really cheap and really easy to work with. So highly recommend network media for large and secure network is UTP cable.

The Failure of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie Essay example -- The Glas

The Failure of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie In Tennessee Williams’, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† Amanda was a woman who liked to reminisce about the past in order to escape from reality. Amanda was not wicked but intensely flawed. Her failures were centrally responsible for the adversity and exaggerated style of her character. Certainly, she had the endurance and heroism that she was able to support her children when her husband was gone. In her old life, she was once a Southern Belle with a genteel manner who lived on Blue Mountain. This was a place where Amanda’s version of the good old days back when she was young and popular. Amanda was full of charm in conversation that she managed to have seventeen gentlemen caller in a single day. Amanda liked to talk to her children having seventeen gentlemen callers but ended up marrying a charming Irishman who worked for the telephone company. He traveled and left the family and the only reminder of him was his smiling photograph. Amanda turned the tragedy of her h usband’s abandonment as a joke, â€Å"a telephone man who fell in love with long distances† (643). Amanda’s relationship with her children was illustrated by her failure in life and the exaggerated style of her character. Amanda always put up a defensive front for others to view that hid the reality of her life. She painted a colorful picture for others to perceive. Amanda worked hard to make the apartment ready for her daughter’s gentleman caller. She talked of polishing the wedding silver, taking out the monogrammed table linen to be laundered, cleaning the windows and putting up fresh curtains. Amanda even went so far as to enhance Laura’s bosom with two powder puffs. She called it â€Å"gay deceiver†(662). Amanda was affectionate and loving but demanding beyond reason. She was not in anyway cruel, in fact, very loving but her desires for her family became so unpleasant for her children. Amanda’s relationship with Tom was difficult with and often unreasonable. Although he was a grown man whose wages supported their family, she still would intervene with the affairs of his life. Amanda would instruct Tom how to chew his food by telling that â€Å"animals have secretions in their stomach which enable them to digest food without mastication, but human beings are supposed to chew their food before they swallow it down†(644). Tom goes to the movies as an escape from his ... ...r Laura to have a gentleman caller was another failure. Jim was engaged and is to be married soon. Amanda was furious because the plan did not work out. She accused him of playing a practical joke on them, by intentionally bringing another woman’s fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ to disgrace them. Amanda was obviously surprised, the evening had been expensive for the Wingfields, and her dreams for her daughter have been shattered. Amanda was a woman who typically refuses to face reality that resulted in a lot of disappointments and frustrations. Looking back to the past with regrets only prevented her from moving on. She could have used her past experiences and learned from it. Although she is caring and loving, she should not have sacrificed the happiness of her children for her own selfish desires. Her fears had made her life and the lives of her children miserable. Had she learned to be patient, strong and accepting of what life has brought, she and her family could have had a more fulfilling life. Work Cited Williams, Tennessee. â€Å"The Glass Menagerie.† Literature and the Writing Process. Ed. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X. Day, and Robert Funk. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River; Prentice, 2003 641-681

Verbal and Nonverbal Coding Worksheet

University of Phoenix Material Verbal and Nonverbal Coding Worksheet Part A: Nonverbal Instructions: Respond to each question below in complete sentences with at least 150 words. Include at least one example from the reading materials that supports your position in your response. 1. Is a smile a universal nonverbal form of communication? Why or why not? Provide specific examples in your answer. I would say yes, that the smile is a nonverbal form of communication all over the world.The reason I believe this to be true is because a smile is letting people know how you are feeling and they way you feel about them. I smile at others because I am happy or I am happy to see them, and I believe the same thing is true with everyone else who smiles. When I went to Germany a few years ago, I felt extremely out of place mostly because I did not know the language. It was even more difficult to conduct business there when you approach someone and they are not wearing a smile; it made me feel even more out of place.When someone was smiling I felt some much better about trying to have a conversation with them. People are much more approachable when they look happy and friendly. 2. What are some of the ways that you, as an American or an international student, have been taught, or unconsciously learned, to synchronize your nonverbal behaviors? Some of the ways that I have learned to synchronize my nonverbal behaviors is to do things similar to what others are doing. If I am walking down the street and I see a friend of mine I will wave at them and smile because that is what I like doing and it comes natural.Although when someone sees me before I see them I will usually responded the same way they greeted me. If they greet me with a rise of the head I will do the same thing, then after ask myself why I did the same when it is not the normal way I would have greeted someone. It would be the same way if I were sitting talking to someone and they folded their arms, I would most li kely do the same thing to match them, and not even realize that I am coping them in anyway. Part B: VerbalInstructions: There are five interrelated sets of rules that combine to create a verbal code or language. In the middle column, define the five verbal rules that create the verbal code in a minimum of two sentences for each rule. In the last column, provide an example from both American culture and an international culture for each of the five rules of verbal codes. Then answer the questions on the following page. Rule setDefinition (2 or more sentences)Examples (1 American culture example and 1 international culture example) 1) Phonology (rules for word sounds) (2) Morphology (units of meaning in a word) (3) Semantics (distinct meaning of words) (4) Syntax (relationship of words to each other) (5) Pragmatics (effect on human perception) 1. What is one possible drawback of phonology if a nonnative speaker has poor accuracy? What might be done to master a new phonology? Some of t he drawbacks that deal with sound and speeches if a non-native speaker has poor accuracy is they may be saying the right words but they are not coming out correctly.An example is someone from India trying to speak English; since they have such a strong accent they come out wrong. My son is in speech therapy and they give him a mirror to practice saying the sounds that he has a hard time with. I think that this would work for mastering a new phonology as well. Practice helps learn any language, and watching yourself saying the write words with the correct style may help learn more. 2. What happens in the course of conversation when semantics causes confusion between you and the receiver? Provide a recent example. 3.Based on the examples in your text, what do you think Ludwig Wittgenstein meant when he said that â€Å"the limits of my language are the limits of my world†? When Ludwig Wittgenstein said â€Å"the limits of my language are the limits of my world† I believe he meant that he wants to learn more languages so he doesn’t limit his education on the world and the people that he meets. We should always be learning new languages and ways to communicate with each other, so we can meet people from all over the world and learn more about them. The more languages you learn the better your understanding of the world you will have.

Critical Analysis on Clinical Supervision in Schools

The purpose of this study is to present the definition of clinical supervision and some basic concepts that are currently being used in the clinical supervision of public schools today. By having a clearer understanding of these definitions and concepts, prospective supervisors in public education will be better equipped to do their jobs. A situation has occurred due to the ever-increasing demand for supervisors in public education today in which those entering supervisory positions may not be properly equipped to supervise. This is primarily due to the fact that they may not understand all that is expected of them. To use economic terminology, the â€Å"demand is exceeding the supply†. As a result, supervisors may be placed into supervisory positions without a clear understanding of some definitions and concepts which have come into the realm of education fairly recently. Supervisors cannot do their jobs effectively if they are not properly educated in the roles and responsibilities of the clinical supervisor. The following study may serve as a review of some current definitions and concepts. The earliest supervisors in America's schools were often nothing more than overly critical â€Å"snoops† whose main job was to find what a teacher was doing wrong and report it to the teacher's superiors. Today we refer to this type of supervisor as a â€Å"snoopervisor†. It was more likely that a teacher would receive a reprimand or dismissal as a result of those supervisory visits. The role of the school supervisor has changed drastically from the humble beginnings of America's schools. Our public school system has gone through many different stages of development. Likewise, our educational supervisors have evolved as well. Since our public school system has gone through so many changes, (and continues to do so), a clear understanding of the responsibilities of clinical supervision is needed in order to properly prepare those wishing to serve in that capacity. Today's supervisors must know what is expected of them and some of the more current methods and concepts being used in clinical supervision. The research information in this study is limited to the study of school supervisors in the public school system. This study focused on supervisors who oversee the grade levels of Kindergarten through the 12th grade of high school. This study does focus on supervisors of colleges or other secondary educational institutions although much of this information may apply in those areas as well. It is, therefore, the primary goal of this study to collect, compile, and organize information that will help to prepare those wishing to serve as school supervisors so that they may better understand some of the terminology and concepts in clinical supervision. One of the more common roles of today's school supervisor is that of providing teachers with the support they need to become better teachers. Today's supervisor must be a coach or mentor, a â€Å"teacher's teacher†, so to speak. Where supervisors once tore down teachers and criticized them, today they build up teachers and edify them. The first use of the term â€Å"clinical supervision† was in 1961 when Morris Cogan used it in a proposal entitled Case Studies and Research in Clinical Supervision at Harvard University. Cogan defined clinical supervision in the following way: â€Å"Clinical supervision may therefore be defined as the rationale and practice designed to improve the teacher's classroom performance. It takes its principal data from the events of the classroom. The analysis of these data and the relationship between teacher and supervisor form the basis of the program, procedures, and strategies designed to improve the student's learning by improving the teacher's classroom behavior.† From Cogan's definition of clinical supervision we can see that the emphasis is on improvement of the teacher's performance. This makes the role of today's supervisor more of a supportive role. With that definition in mind, how can supervisors help teachers to become better teachers? What can supervisors do to improve the educational system in which they work? In the following study are a few examples of contemporary practices and concepts being utilized today to answer those questions. First of all, supervisors are concerned with the quality of teachers they have in their school and school system. It is the job of supervisors to make sure that the teachers working in their school system are the best teachers possible, and that they are working to the best of their ability. Once teachers have been selected and hired, they must know that the supervisor is there to support them and help them to improve their teaching skills. In an article in Educational Digest, Thomas Harvey and Larry Frase put it this way: â€Å"Coaching is not an option for school leaders but a basic function, along with counseling, mentoring, tutoring, confronting, and supporting. All of these will increase the commitment to quality and productivity.† This simply means that supervisors must engage the teachers (as well as themselves) in a never-ending process of improvement. That means keeping up with current changes in teaching styles and curriculum. Supervisors must be willing to set an example for teachers by showing that they are also willing to make changes in the way that they do things. Now that we are in a new millenium in education we see the education system in a state of constant change. Everything we do changes regularly. Teaching styles, the equipment that we use in schools, and even the schools themselves continuously go through new stages of development. It is no longer acceptable to simply achieve and maintain a status quo. Supervisors must recognize this and always be ready to lead their teachers into the future and new ways of educating students. The first way supervisors must lead their teachers is to make sure that they are aware of the legal aspects of education. In a recent article in Education magazine the authors said, â€Å"First on the list of all things a beginning teacher must do is to learn the policies of the school system and local school. A teacher who is legally challenged by a parent will receive support from the board of education when the teacher's actions follow policy†. For this reason, supervisors should tell their beginning teachers that board policies and the school handbook are required reading. Once this has been concluded, supervisors can move on to the matter of teacher evaluation. One method being used by many supervisors to evaluate and support new teachers is the peer support method. This concept has been touted as a promising way to build a teacher's sense of professionalism. Margaret Johnson and Lucy Brown described one study in which teachers in a large elementary school with about 42 teachers were organized into collegial support teams (CSTs) to ,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦supervise their teaching performance and promote their professional growth.†. Many of the teachers involved in the study said that it created,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a â€Å"safe zone† in which they could admit shortcomings and work to improve their practice.†. This method follows the philosophy that the best people to evaluate the performance of teachers in a particular school system are other teachers in the same school system. This method is becoming very popular. Sometimes the path into the future of a school system may not be clear and narrow. There may be many different directions the supervisor may have to choose from. While discussing teachers who pursue positions in administration, Roberta Bernstein writes: â€Å"The position of curriculum developer requires working in teams and reporting to the central office. While following the directions of your superiors, you will also want to provide teachers with a curriculum that excites them. It's a balancing act.† Indeed, supervisors must often let their own preferences fall by the wayside in order to reach the compromise that is the best, overall solution for a situation. One driving motivator behind the decision-making process should always be â€Å"What is the best thing for the students?† The same thing holds true when evaluating teachers. Unfortunately, sometimes supervisors realize that a teacher just isn't performing at the minimal level necessary to remain in the system. Even after working very hard to help a teacher come up to the required standard of teaching to remain in their position, the supervisor asks â€Å"What is the best thing for the students?† and realizes that a replacement may be what is needed. There are many different reasons for teachers becoming marginal. In an article in Education Digest Don L. Fuhr identifies three categories of teachers who become â€Å"marginal†: â€Å"First is the helpless marginal teacher who doesn't grasp the basic techniques of effective teaching. It may be because of poor training or of good training never absorbed. Second is the teacher with a pressing personal problem, the more common ones being serious illness of a loved one, marital problems, or financial difficulties. The third and most difficult type is the hardheaded marginal teacher who has developed ‘an attitude'. † Regardless of the reason for a teacher becoming marginal, encouragement is the key to trying to help them improve. Supervisors must be willing to advise and help them. First, the teacher must be made aware of the specific problem. Then, a strategy can be developed for dealing with the problem. Sometimes, the best time for strategies to be developed is after a classroom observation. According to C.H. Van der Linde, â€Å"The follow-up discussion sometimes provides the most important situation for the collection of further data, because the teachers are now in a situation where they are able to explain their behavior.† Van der Linde goes on to say, â€Å"The teacher should be encouraged to give attention to both strong points and deficiencies. Remedies that are realistic should be discussed and steps to promote continuing professional growth should be outlined.† Some people, such as Francis Duffy, feel that we in education are going about staff development all wrong. Ms. Duffy says, † Even though we understand that school districts function essentially as systems, we persists in trying to improve schools one teacher at a time.† According to Ms. Duffy's Knowledge Work Supervision model, teaching would be improved by focusing on the performance of the entire school system rather than just individual teachers. One thing is certain, no matter what model of evaluation or development a supervisor uses, it is still inevitable to occasionally come across marginal teachers which fail to meet minimal standards no matter what the supervisor does to try to help them improve. One possible contributing factor to this situation is stress. Education, and particularly educational administration, are very high-stress professions. Clinical supervisors should encourage personal responsibility for stress management. Articulation of the expectation that individuals are to take the responsibility for control of their own stress levels also validates personal inclinations to do the same.